Gender Equality in Mali

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Mali
flag_Mali.png
Flag of Mali
Population (in Mil.) 15.84
Gross Domestic Product (In USD Billions - WB) 10.83
Sex Ratio (m/f) 0.98
Life Expectancy Ratio (f/m) 1.027
Fertility Rate 6.44
Income Ratio (f/m) 0.44
Literacy Ratio (f/m) 0.52
Tertiary Enrolment Ratio (f/m) 0.46
Women in Parliament (in %) 10.2
INDICES
Human Development Index 175/169
Social Institutions and Gender Index 86/86
Gender Inequality Index 135/138
Gender Equity Index 113/157
Women’s Economic Opportunity Index - /113
Global Gender Gap Index 131/134
More information on variables

Contents

Social Institutions

Mali gained independence from France in 1960.[1] Following a period of military rule between 1968 and 1991, elections were held in 1992, heralding the country’s first democratically elected president and government.[2] Mali is now considered to be one of the strongest democracies in the region.[3] The country’s economy is reliant on agriculture, and foreign aid.[4]

Poverty and patriarchy dominate women’s daily lives in Mali, where their rights are very limited.[5] Nearly all Malian women have been subjected to female genital mutilation, violence against women is universally accepted and many girls marry at a very young age. Since 1997, there has been a Ministry for Women in place, but in the face of near total absence of legal protection for women in Mali, it’s effectiveness in promoting women’s rights has been very limited.[6] A new Family Code that would have eliminated many practices that discriminate against women is currently (2010) being revised following protests from Islamic groups.[7]

Article 2 of the Constitution of Mali (1992) establishes equality between women and men, and prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender.[8] Mali ratified the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa in 2005.[9] The country also ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1985, and the Optional Protocol on violence against women in 2000.[10] Mali is classed as a low-income country by the World Bank.[11] Mali’s 2011 Human Development Index (HDI) ranking is 0.359, placing it in 175th place out of a total of 187 countries.[12] The country’s Gender Inequality Index is 0.712, placing it at 143 out of 146 countries.[13]Mali’s 2011 Global Gender Gap Index rating is 0.5752, placing it in 132nd place out of a total of 135 countries.[14]

Discriminatory Family Code

A new Family Code was adopted by the National Assembly in August 2009, including provisions raising the age of marriage for women from 15 to 18, and equalising inheritance and parental rights.[15] But following protests from Islamic groups, President Amadou Toumani Toure refused to sign the new Code into law (despite supporting it himself).[16] As of mid 2010, the proposed legislation was being revised, in a move likely to weaken many of its provisions and reinforce many of the discriminatory practices it was designed to eradicate, such as early marriage and the stipulation that a wife should obey her husband.[17] Under current legislation and customary practices, Malian women have a very low level of protection within the family. Women appear to have little option but to marry: of adult women aged 20-49 questioned for the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), only 2.2% were single.[18] The legal minimum age for women to marry is 15 years, but they can be married at a younger age with a judge’s permission and the consent of their parents.[19] It is a criminal offence to abduct a woman or a girl to force her into marriage, punishable by up to five years in prison (10 years if the girl is under 15), but the law is not effectively enforced.[20] Civil registrars can be punished for conducting marriages where one or both parties are underage, or are not entering into the union of their own free will, but most marriages are conducted under customary law and are not registered.[21] Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 2006 indicates that 52.6% of girls aged between 15 and 19 years were married, divorced or widowed, and according to survey data from 2001, of girls aged 15-19 who were already married, 19.4% had been married before they turned 15.[22] There have even been some reported cases of girls as young as nine being married.[23] Despite efforts to raise awareness that early marriage entails serious risks for women’s health, there seems to be no impetus within public opinion, NGOs or the government to take serious action to combat the practice. [24] In some regions, discriminatory or harmful practices relating to marriage persist, such as arranging a girl’s marriage when she is born, giving a daughter in marriage to a witch doctor for religious reasons, or exchanging women between families or communities in order to strengthen relations between them.[25] All of these underline the low value accorded to women in Malian society, and the consistent denial of their rights to self determination. Polygamy is legal according to Mali’s Marriage Code and under the teachings of Islam, the religion practised by nearly all of the population; men may marry up to four women. [26] The husband must obtain the permission of the first wife before he marries again, although the authors of the 2004 report to the CEDAW committee remarked that this consent is often obtained through coercion and abuse.[27] It is estimated that around 40% of women are in polygamous marriages, including 20% of married girls aged 15-19.[28] The percentage is higher in rural areas (45%) than in urban areas (27%), and woman who have not received any education are twice as likely to be affected than women who have received secondary education (42% against 19%).[29] In Mali, husbands are considered to be the heads of families: their wives are legally obliged to obey them, and the existing Civil Code grants them sole family and parental authority.[30] That said, in polygamous marriages, the husband is only considered to be the head of the family that he establishes with his first wife; subsequent wives are considered to be the heads of their respective households.[31] Overall, a total of 12.3% of households in Mali are considered to be headed by women.[32] Husbands decide where the family will live and their wives are obliged to obey.[33]Legally, either spouse may petition for divorce, but in rural areas women rarely initiate proceedings because of strong social pressure.[34] Decisions relating to custody of children in the event of divorce are decided in the best interests of the child.[35] Under Malian law, a man can appoint a legal guardian to look after the interests of his children in the event of his death: in such cases, the mother must consult the guardian in all legal matters pertaining to her children, and may lose custody of them if she remarries. [36] Malian women do not have the right to pass their nationality on to their children, in instances where the children’s father is not a Malian citizen.[37] In some communities, widows face discrimination that can fuel humiliating and degrading practices, such as forcibly having their heads shaved.[38]

Inheritance is governed by Sharia, customary, and civil law, depending on the identity of the person concerned.[39] Under sharia law, daughters are entitled to receive only half the share received by sons.[40] A further discrimination is that women can inherit only poor quality land that is not very fertile.[41] Customary law followed by certain ethnic groups views the wife as part of the inheritance, and obliges her to marry a brother of her deceased husband, who then receives all of the estate and assumes custody of the children.[42] In other communities, when a woman dies, her younger sister is expected to marry the widower.[43] In 2006, 28.86 % of widows inherited the majority of assets after the death of their spouses.[44]

Restricted Physical Integrity

There is no specific law in Mali to address violence against women in general or, more specifically, domestic violence, although a five-year national action plan to combat violence against women was launched in 2006.[45] There is a high level of tolerance for violence against women in Malian society. Public opinion generally accepts that men have a ‘right’ to beat their wives: in the DHS in 2006, 75.2% of women questioned agreed with at least one ‘reason’ out of five for a man to beat his wife.[46] In addition, many women are reluctant to report cases of domestic violence for fear that they will then be divorced by their husbands, and left with no means to support themselves.[47] Rape is a criminal offence in Mali, but the law is not effectively enforced and very few cases are registered.[48] There is no law specifically pertaining to spousal rape.[49] Most women in Mali have been subjected to female genital mutilation (FGM). Estimates as to the exact number of women range from 85.2% to 91.6%.[50] There is no law in place banning FGM, although it is illegal for the procedure to be carried out in government-run health centres. [51] To date, the government has not put forward any legislation to prohibit FGM. The practice persists in both rural and urban areas, but beyond that, there is significant regional variation: in Kayes and Koulikoro districts, over 97% of women have undergone the procedure, while in Gao and Kidal fewer than 2% have done so.[52] Prevalence rates are high among all religious groups – 85.5% of Muslim women and 67.9% of ChrisianChristian women are estimated to have undergone the procedure.[53] There also appears to be little correlation between level of education and acceptance and prevalence of the practice: 85.4% of women who had no education had undergone the procedure, as had 83.7% of women who had secondary education.[54] In 2002, the government launched a national programme (Programme National de Lutte contre la Pratique de l’Excision) to encourage the cessation of the practice.[55] To date, there has been no decline in the prevalence of FGM; 78.3% of women questioned in the 2006 DHS who had undergone the procedure indicated that they had already subjected at least one of their daughters to the practice, and overall, 76% of women who knew about FGM felt the practice should continue.[56] Social recognition was cited as the most common reason to continue the practice (36.8%), indicating that FGM is closely linked to dominant ideas about acceptable femininity in Mali.[57] Legislation relating to trafficking of children (but not adults) has been in place in Mali since 2001, although it is not effectively enforced.[58] Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for trafficking in persons.[59] Trafficking in children is considered to be a particular problem in Mali, with girls trafficked to and from Mali for forced domestic labour and sexual exploitation, and boys trafficked for forced labour and begging.[60] It is thought that slavery still exists in some regions of the country.[61] Under Malian law, women have the right to decide freely when and how many children to have, and reproductive health services are provided through primary health care clinics and a community-based distribution system.[62] But in practice, the US Department of State reports that women face pressure to defer to their husbands and in-laws on issues relating to reproductive rights, and may not have access to appropriate information.[63] This is backed up by data in the 2006 DHS, which found that women’s access to reproductive health services and healthcare more generally may be restricted by their husbands: based on DHS data for 2006, UNICEF reports that in 74.1% of households, husbands were making decisions about their wives’ health without consulting them.[64] That said, knowledge of contraception is high, with 74.6% of women reporting that they were aware of at least one method (according to 2006 DHS data), although prevalence rates would reflect lack of access to contraception, with only 8.2% stated that they were actually using contraception.[65] In 2006, 31.2 % of women aged between 15 and 49 years old had unmet need for family planning.[66] Contraception usage is higher among women with primary or secondary education than among women who have no education at all,[67] potentially indicating a link between level of education and women’s capacity to exercise some degree of control over their bodies. Abortion is legal in cases of rape or incest, and to save the pregnant woman’s life.[68]

Son Bias

According to DHS data from 2006, 51.6% of boys and 44.7% of girls aged 1-2 years had been vaccinated against the main childhood illnesses.[69] However infant and early childhood malnutrition rates are slightly higher for boys under five than for girls, overall infant and under-five mortality rates are slightly higher for boys. [70] In terms of schooling, according to 2006 DHS data, 61.1% of girls aged 15-19 had never been to school, against 49.1% of boys in the same age bracket.[71] Discrepancies in vaccination rates would indicate some son preference in regard to early childhood care, but this is not correlated by rates of infant and early childhood mortality and malnutrition. Access to education needs to be considered in the context of low levels of education overall, but even so, the rates given above would indicate preference towards educating sons over daughters, which is likely linked to the practice of marrying girls when they are still very young. The male/female sex ratio for the total population in 2012 is 0.98.[72] There is no evidence to suggest that Mali is a country of concern in relation to missing women.

Restricted Resources and Entitlements

Under Civil Law, Malian women have legal rights to property ownership, but these rights are often restricted in practice, and many women are unaware of what rights they do enjoy.[73] Legally, women and men have the same access to land and the government has launched revised legislation and several publicly funded agricultural development projects that, theoretically, allow women to access land on the same basis as men.[74] In reality, many obstacles prevent women from exercising their rights, including lack of access to credit to purchase equipment to work the land, meaning that they have to rely on the goodwill of other family members who may or may not allow them to use equipment.[75] In some regions, customary law dictates that women are only entitled to poor quality land, or have no rights to property at all,[76] or are only able to obtain a life interest in the land that they work, through their husbands.[77] The percentage of women having access to land has increased in Mali from 18.7 % in 2007 to 20 % in 2008-2009. This positive trend can be partially attributed to implementation of the Agricultural Framework Law (Loi d’Orientation Agricole) favouring women.[78] Women have the legal right to access to property other than land. However, their independent actions – purchasing a house, for example – can lead to family conflict if the husband has not agreed to the action.[79] It continues to be very difficult for Malian women to access large bank loans, due to their very low incomes and inability to provide security.[80] However, a government-run micro-credit development programme launched in 1994 means that they are able to access credit for agricultural equipment and trade.[81] Malian women now have access to hundreds of associations that offer mutual credit, independently managed village savings schemes and short-term loans and women comprise nearly half of the beneficiaries of these credit institutions.[82] In addition, revolving group saving schemes known as ‘tontines’ also enable women to access funds, although this is not considered to be a very secure way of saving and accessing credit.[83] The latest data available shows that only 16 % of creditors in Mali are women.[84]

Restricted Civil Liberties

Women’s freedom of movement is limited as the current Marriage Code states that it is up to the husband to decide where the family will live, and the wife is legally obliged to live with him, meaning women are not free to move in order to work.[85] A clause in the Malian Civil Code stipulating that a woman cannot embark on a commercial business without her husband’s agreement appears to have been overtaken by the 2002 Commercial Code, which makes no reference to a woman needing her husband’s permission to become a trader.[86] On a day-to-day basis, 61.6% of women reported that they could not go and visit female friends and relatives without their husband’s permission,[87] indicating considerable restrictions on women’s freedom of movement. Freedom of expression is protected in the Malian constitution.[88] This right is generally respected, and the independent media is active and outspoken on a wide variety of issues.[89] But in the 2006 DHS, 24.6% of women reported having no access to the media at all.[90] The equivalent male figure is 13.9%,[91] indicating that gender may be a factor in determining access to media and to information more generally, particularly if illiteracy among women is taken into account. The Malian Constitution guarantees freedom of association, although in practice, this right is not always respected.[92] In 2009 there were reports of demonstrations being violently dispersed, and members of a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights organization were prevented from gathering at a fringe event at a conference on HIV, held in the capital Bamako.[93] Women have the same legal right as men to vote and to participate in public life in Mali.[94] No legal quota exists regarding the minimum proportion of women in the national assembly and other decision-making bodies.[95] The majority of decision makers in public service (Ministers, General Secretaries, and Administrative Directors etc.) are represented by men. [96] There are currently (2010) 15 women in the National Assembly (out of 147 members, constituting just over 10%), and six women in the 29-seat cabinet.[97] In the Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle) there are only 3 female out of total 13 Councilors. The Executive Board of the Economic, Social and Cultural Council (Conseil Economique, Social et Culturel) is comprised of nine members among whom only one is woman. The Permanent Assembly of Chambers of Agriculture of Mali (l’Assemblée Permanente des Chambres d’Agriculture du Mali) does not include any women among its eight Vice Presidents.[98] There is an active and confrontational women’s movement in Mali.[99] Women’s rights NGOs are active in campaigning against FGM and other harmful practices, such as early marriage, as well as providing support services to women in need.[100] The recent example is the initiative of women’s associations and NGOs in collaboration with National Assembly to introduce 30 % quota for the most disadvantaged group (with emphasis on women) in the electoral system.[101] Under Malian law, discrimination in employment is prohibited, and women have the right to 14 weeks paid maternity leave.[102] Nearly 50% of women in Mali are employed in agriculture (48.4%),[103] meaning that they are not covered by employment legislation. Same-sex relationships are legal in Mali for men and women.[104]

References

  1. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010) p.12
  2. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.12
  3. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2010) World Factbook: Mali, Online Edition, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html (ACCESSED 8 NOVEMBER 2010)
  4. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2010) World Factbook: Mali, Online Edition, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html (ACCESSED 8 NOVEMBER 2010)
  5. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)p.23
  6. ↑ Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (n.d.) ‘Gender and land rights database: Mali’, http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/report/ (in French) Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (n.d.) ‘Gender and land rights database: Mali’, http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/report/ (in French)
  7. ↑ Africa for Women’s Rights (2010) ‘Mali: Call for urgent adoption of the new Family Code without weakening of its provisions’, 15 June 2010. http://www.africa4womensrights.org/post/2010/06/15/Mali%3A-Call-for-urgent-adoption-of-the-new-Family-Code-without; BBC News (2009) ‘Mali Women’s Rights Bill Blocked’, 27 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8223736.stm (Accessed 5 November 2010).; Amnesty International (2010) Amnesty International Report 2009, State of the World’s Human Rights, London: Amnesty International. http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/default/files/AIR2010_EN.pdf (accessed 8 November 2010), p.220
  8. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010),p.13
  9. ↑ African Union (2010) ‘List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa’ (as of 27 August 2010). http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/List/Protocol%20on%20the%20Rights%20of%20Women.pdf (accessed 15 October 2010).
  10. ↑ United Nations Treaty Collection (UNTC)(n.d.); Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.14
  11. ↑ World Bank (n.d.) data: Mali, http://data.worldbank.org/country/mali (accessed 5 November 2010)
  12. ↑ United Nations Development Programme (2011) Human Development Report 2011, available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf, accessed 29 February 2012.p.129
  13. ↑ United Nations Development Programme (2011) Human Development Report 2011, available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf, accessed 29 February 2012.p.142
  14. ↑ World Economic Forum (2011) The Global Gender Gap Report 2011, available at http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2011.pdf, accessed 2 March 2012.p.11
  15. ↑ Africa for Women’s Rights (2010) ‘Mali: Call for urgent adoption of the new Family Code without weakening of its provisions’, 15 June 2010. http://www.africa4womensrights.org/post/2010/06/15/Mali%3A-Call-for-urgent-adoption-of-the-new-Family-Code-without; BBC NEWS (2009) ‘Mali Women’s Rights Bill Blocked’, 27 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8223736.stm (accessed 5 November 2010).; Amnesty International (2010) Amnesty International Report 2009, State of the World’s Human Rights, London: Amnesty International. http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/default/files/AIR2010_EN.pdf (accessed 8 November 2010), p.220
  16. ↑ BBC NEWS (2009) ‘MALI WOMEN’S RIGHTS BILL BLOCKED’, 27 AUGUST 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8223736.stm (ACCESSED 5 NOVEMBER 2010).; Amnesty International (2010) Amnesty International Report 2009, State of the World’s Human Rights, London: Amnesty International. http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/default/files/AIR2010_EN.pdf (accessed 8 November 2010), p.220
  17. ↑ IRIN (2010), ‘Mali: "Reality check" needed in proposed changes to family code’, 26 February 2010, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York, NY. http://ww.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88251 (accessed 5 November 2010); Africa for Women’s Rights (2010) ‘Mali: Call for urgent adoption of the new Family Code without weakening of its provisions’, 15 June 2010. http://www.africa4womensrights.org/post/2010/06/15/Mali%3A-Call-for-urgent-adoption-of-the-new-Family-Code-without
  18. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.85
  19. ↑ Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) (2007), ‘Mali: Child Marriage a Neglected Problem’, 20 August 2007, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York, NY. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=74027 (accessed 5 November 2010).; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.62; US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010))
  20. ↑ Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) (2007), ‘Mali: Child Marriage a Neglected Problem’, 20 August 2007, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York, NY. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=74027 (accessed 5 November 2010).
  21. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.63
  22. ↑ UNICEF (2005), p.31
  23. ↑ US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010))
  24. ↑ Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) (2007), ‘Mali: Child Marriage a Neglected Problem’, 20 August 2007, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York, NY. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=74027 (accessed 5 November 2010).
  25. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), pp.14, 63
  26. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.63
  27. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.63
  28. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.82 Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010). , p.83
  29. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010),p.83
  30. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.23; Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (n.d.) ‘Gender and land rights database: Mali’, http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/report/ (in French)
  31. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.15
  32. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010),p.16
  33. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.62
  34. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.63
  35. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.64
  36. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.64
  37. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.31
  38. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)p.14
  39. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010),p.66; Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (n.d.) ‘Gender and land rights database: Mali’, http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/report/ (in French)
  40. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010),p.66
  41. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010),pp.60, 61
  42. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), pp.14, 24
  43. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.23
  44. ↑ Chronic Poverty Research Centre (2011) Widowhood and asset inheritance in sub-Saharan Africa: empirical evidence from 15 countries, available at http://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/WP183%20Peterman.pdf, accessed 7 March 2012., p.20
  45. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)), p.14; CEDAW (2006) ‘Responses to the list of issues and questions for consideration of the combined second, third, fourth and fifth periodic report Mali’, CEDAW/C/MLI/Q/2-5/Add.1, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.11; US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’,http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  46. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.282
  47. ↑ US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  48. ↑ US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  49. ↑ US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  50. ↑ Lower figure: Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010).), p.287. Higher figure: Un Economic Commission For Africa (UNECA) (2009) African Women’s Report 2009: Measuring Gender Inequality In Africa:Experiences And Lessons From The African Gender And Development Index, Addis Ababa: UNECA. http://www.ununeca.org/uneca_resources/public, p.54, quoting a WHO report from 2008 (‘Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation. An interagency statement’)
  51. ↑ US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010))
  52. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010).), p.287
  53. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.287
  54. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010).), p.287
  55. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.285
  56. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010).), p.291
  57. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., pp.297, 303
  58. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.14; Freedom House (2010) Freedom in the World Country Reports: Mali, online edition, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2010&country=7871 (accessed 8 November 2010)
  59. ↑ Freedom House (2010) Freedom in the World Country Reports: Mali, online edition, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2010&country=7871 (accessed 8 November 2010)
  60. ↑ US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  61. ↑ Freedom House (2010) Freedom in the World Country Reports: Mali, online edition, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2010&country=7871 (accessed 8 November 2010)
  62. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), pp.22,45
  63. ↑ US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  64. ↑ UNICEF (2007) STATE Of The World’s Children : The Double Dividend Of Gender Equality, NEW YORK: UNICEF http://www.unicef.org/sowc07/docs/sowc07.pdf, p.18
  65. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., pp.64, 71
  66. ↑ USAID (2006) Demographic And Health Survey Mali
  67. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.71
  68. ↑ UNDP (2007)’world abortion policies’, data downloaded from http://www.devinfo.info/genderinfo/ (Accessed 21 October 2010).
  69. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.131
  70. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., pp.175. 190
  71. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.17-18
  72. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2012) The World Fact Book: Sex Ratio, available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html, accessed 9 March 2012.
  73. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.60; US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  74. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.60; Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (n.d.) ‘Gender and land rights database: Mali’, http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/report/ (in French)
  75. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.60
  76. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), pp.60, 61
  77. ↑ Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (n.d.) ‘Gender and land rights database: Mali’, http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/report/ (in French), quoting Goislard, Catherine, avec la collaboration de Moussa Djiré (2007) ‘Accès à l’information juridique, aux institutions et procédures légales: quelle sécurisation foncière pour les ruraux pauvres au Mali, Étude de cas dans le sud malien’, Rome: FAO
  78. ↑ Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l’économie et des finances) (2010) , SG/Cellule Technique du CSLP, «Rapport 2009 de mise en œuvre du Cadre Stratégique pour la Croissance et la Réduction de la pauvreté (CSCRP)» Document de synthèse, Août 2010
  79. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.66
  80. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.48
  81. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.49
  82. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.49
  83. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), pp.50-51
  84. ↑ Ministry of Promotion of Women, Child and Family (Ministère de la Promotion de la Femme, de l’Enfant et de la Famille) (2010) Politique Nationale Genre
  85. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010),p.24; Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (n.d.) ‘Gender and land rights database: Mali’, http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/report/ (in French)
  86. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.62
  87. ↑ UNICEF (2007) State Of The World’s Children : The Double Dividend Of Gender Equality, New York: UNICEF http://www.unicef.org/sowc07/docs/sowc07.pdf, p.20
  88. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.13
  89. ↑ US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)); Freedom House (2010) Freedom in the World Country Reports: Mali, online edition, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2010&country=7871 (accessed 8 November 2010)
  90. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.39
  91. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010)., p.40
  92. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.13; US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  93. ↑ US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  94. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.29
  95. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.13
  96. ↑ CNDIFE (2009) “Rapport de la Collecte des données sur les postes de responsabilités des hommes et femmes”
  97. ↑ Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) (n.d.) ‘MALI: Assemblée Nationale (National Assembly)’, http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2201_A.htm (accessed 8 November 2010); US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  98. ↑ CNDIFE (2010)“La Situation des femmes dans les postes de responsabilités au Mali, en 2010”
  99. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.15; US Department of State (2010) ‘Country reports on human rights 2009: Mali’, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135964.htm (accessed 5 November 2010)
  100. ↑ Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) (2007), ‘Mali: Child Marriage a Neglected Problem’, 20 August 2007, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York, NY. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=74027 (accessed 5 November 2010).I; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), p.16; CEDAW (2006) ‘Responses to the list of issues and questions for consideration of the combined second, third, fourth and fifth periodic report Mali’, CEDAW/C/MLI/Q/2-5/Add.1, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010),p.20
  101. ↑ Diallo, Assitan (2009) “Women in the back seat in Malian citizenship”, Sida Studies No. 24, Stockholm, Sweden 2009
  102. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (2004), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Mali, Combined Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of States Parties, CEDAW/C/MLI/2-5, CEDAW, New York, NY. Available for download at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws34.htm (accessed 5 November 2010), pp.39, 42; international Labour Organization (ILO) (2009) Database Of Conditions Of Work And Employment Laws, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/travmain.home (accessed 8 november 2010)); Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (n.d.) ‘Gender and land rights database: Mali’, http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/report/ (in French)
  103. ↑ Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministère de la Santé (CPS/MS), Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique du Ministère de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce (DNSI/MEIC) et Macro International Inc. (2007) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006, Calverton, Maryland, USA : CPS/DNSI et Macro International Inc. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR199/FR199.pdf (accessed 5 November 2010). p.45
  104. ↑ International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), (n.d.), country profile: Mali, http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/MALI/Law (accessed 5 November 2010).

The Africa for Women's Rights Campaign

Africa4womensrights.png

Key facts

The Campaign

On 8 March 2009 the "Africa for Women's Rights" Campaign was launched at the initiative of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), in collaboration with fove non-governmental regional organisations: the African Center for Democracy and Human Rights Studies(ACDHRS), Femmes Africa Solidarité (FAS), Women’s Aid Collective (WACOL), Women in Law and Development in Africa (WILDAF) and Women and Law in Southern Africa (WLSA). These organisations make up the Steering Committee responsible for the coordination of the Campaign.

The Campaign aims to put an end to discrimination and violence against women in Africa, calling on states to ratify international and regional instruments protecting women's rights, to repeal all discriminatory laws, to adopt laws protecting the rights of women and to take all necessary measures to wensure their effective implementation.

Country Focus: Mali

Although Mali ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) without reservations in 1985, the government has never incorporated its provisions into domestic law. Mali has also ratified the Optional Protocol to CEDAW and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the Maputo Protocol), but the provisions of all these instruments continue to be widely violated.

The Coalition of the Campaign is particularly concerned by: the persistence of discriminatory laws; discrimination within the family; violence against women, including female genital mutilation (FGM); and limited access to education, employment, decision-making positions, property, health and justice.

Read more

Sources


The Women, Business and the Law

Where are laws equal for men and women? 

The Women, Business and the Law report presents indicators based on laws and regulations affecting women's prospects as entrepreneurs and employees. Several of these indicators draw on the Gender Law Library, a collection of over 2,000 legal provisions impacting women's economic status. This report does not seek to judge or rank countries, but to provide information to inform discussions about women’s economic rights. Women, Business and the Law provides data covering 6 areas: accessing institutions,using property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, building credit, and going to court. Read more about the methodology.

For detailed information on Mali, please visit the Women, Business and
the Law Mali page.

Sources


The FAO Gender and Land Rights Database

FAO logo.jpg

The FAO Gender and Land Rights Database contains country level information on social, economic, political and cultural issues related to the gender inequalities embedded in those rights. Disparity on land access is one of the major causes for social and gender inequalities in rural areas, and it jeopardizes, as a consequence, rural food security as well as the wellbeing of individuals and families.

Six categories

The Database offers information on the 6 following Categories:

For detailed information on Mali, please visit the report on Mali in the FAO Gender and Land Rights Database.

Sources


Progress Assessment towards MDG3: Promoting Gender Equality and Empowering Women

Millennium Development Goal #3 is divided into three sub-categories, each of them focusing on different areas: education, employment wage and political power.

Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education

Ratios of girls to boys in primary school was at 0.81 in 2007/2008. Numerous policies have been enacted to favorize the education of girls in Mali. This ration was at 0.76 in 2003.2004 [1]. The data for the ratios in secondary and tertiary educations, though not accessible, points to a drearier picture than for girls to boys rations in primary school. Women's literacy campaigns remains one of the main priorities of the Malian government.

Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

The share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector has considerably fallen according to the 2009 MDG report. From 11.4% in 2004, they are by 2007, 3.6% of the paid employees of Mali in the non-agricultural sector[2]. Most of the active women of Mali work in the informal sector in 2007 (88% in 2007 from 84.7% in 2004).

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

6.4% of the elective posts in Mali were held by women in 2008. At the national Parliament, women account for 10.2% of the representatives (15 out of 147) in 2008 and among the mayoral corps, they represented 1% of it (7 out of 703).

Overall the Millenium Development Goal Track Index of Mali is at 43% and the country is deemed as "on track for 2020"[3]

References

  1. ↑ PNUD. Gouvernement du Mali.2009 Rapport de suivi sur les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement
  2. ↑ PNUD.Gouvernement du Mali.2009 Rapport de suivi sur les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement
  3. ↑ Monitoring Progress Towards the Millennium Development Goals. MdgTrack. Mali
Retrieved from "http://wikigender.org/index.php/Gender_Equality_in_Mali"
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