From wikigender.org
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- Adolescent girls are twice as likely to be infected with HIV in countries where there is no domestic violence law compared to countries where these is a specific law. Read more in the latest Issues Paper by the OECD Development Centre
On 18 December 2012, Poland became the 25th member state of the Council of Europe to sign the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence.
"3% of domestic abuse incidence rate in Poland translates to 1,465 abuses each day" (Page 84 of the report)
- "Under-reporting of crimes against women is a serious problem in all regions. Across 57 countries, crime surveys show that on average 10 percent of women say they have experienced sexual assault, but of these only 11 percent reported it. This compares to similar incidence of robbery, on average 8 percent, but a reporting rate of 38 percent" (Page 4 of the report)
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- "125 countries outlaw domestic violence" (Page 26 of the report)
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Education and health
Wikigender infographics
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- "In Africa,complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause among adolescent girls aged 15−19" (page number?)
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- "Around 11 per cent of all births worldwide, or an estimated 16 million, are to girls aged 15–19" . (page number?)
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- "Youngest mothers are the most likely to experience complications and die of pregnancy related causes" . (page number?)
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- "In Niger, nearly 80% of young women currently aged 20-24 years have no education; by comparison 64% of young men have no education".
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- "Almost 50% of girls under 5 years of age are underweight in India and Bangladesh, where the situation is marginally better for boys. These countries are the worst globally for under-5 underweight prevalence".
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- "Prevalence of FGM is widest in Somalia, where 98% of women and adolescent girls aged 15-49 years have been genitally mutilated or cut".
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- "In Sub-Saharan Africa, a woman faces a 1 in 31 chance of dying from complications from pregnancy or childbirth" (Page 293 of the report).
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- "About 2/5 of girls are never born due to a preference for sons" (Page 105 of the report).
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- "Globally, a sixth of girls die in early childhood" (Page 105 of the report).
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- "Chad is the lowest ranking country in the sub-Saharan Africa region, holding the last position on primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment indicators" (Page 15 of the report).
- "If they stay in school, Kenya’s adolescent girls could boost their economy by $27.4 billion: $25.1 billion if they delay childbirth and $1.6 billion if they stay HIV-free".
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- "In Kenya, girls aged 15–19 are three times more likely to be HIV positive than their male counterparts. Girls 20–24 are 5.5. times more likely".
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Gender Gap
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- "Women are responsible for 60 to 80% of all house and care work" (see WDR Report 2012 website).
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- "When considering the gender gap in terms of regions, the Gender Equity Index finds that Europe and North America, both with an average GEI of 73 points (“low”), are heading the chart". Read more in the Social Watch article
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- "The index stresses, however, that not all of the European countries are doing well in closing their gender gap. Albania (55) and Turkey (45), for example, score below the global average, which is 57 (“very low”)". Read more in the Social Watch article
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- "The East Asia and Pacific (69), Latin America and the Caribbean (68) and Central Asia (63) are also in the “low” level. Sub-Saharan Africa (52) and the Middle East and North Africa (43) are both in the “very low” category, and both below the global average, while South Asia is at the very bottom of the chart with 39 points (“critical”)" Read more in the Social Watch article
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- "Lesotho and South Africa are the only sub-Saharan Africa countries on the Top 20 of the Gender Gap Index" (Page 6 of the report).
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- "Lesotho (9) continues to hold the top regional spot despite having lost one place, and is once again the only country from the region to have no gap in education or health" (Page 26 of the report).
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- "The sub-Saharan Africa region has closed 65% of its gender gap. The region performs well on the economic participation and opportunity subindex, ranking ahead of Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific and the Middle East and North Africa" (Page 26 of the report).
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- "If women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20–30 percent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5–4 percent, which could in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12–17 percent" (Page 5 of the report).
- "Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in which the gender gap is getting worse at the upper secondary level, with 8 million boys enrolled compared to 6 million girls".
Laws on marriage
- "50 countries have a lower legal age of marriage for women than for men.".
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- "73 countries guarantee paid maternity leave".
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- "In developing countries, one girl in seven marries before age 15; 38 percent marry before 18.".
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- "In one year, adolescent pregnancy costs Kenya $503.9 million in GDP. The effect on one girl? Becoming an adolescent mother here means girls forego an average of $2,470 in annual potential earnings".
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Read more in the Girl Effect Media Kit
Women’s labour and economic situation
- Around 60% of Africa's unemployed are aged 15 to 24 – and more than half of these, many women, have given up on finding work.
- "On average in 2010, only 2% of women in work were employers, compared with 6% of men".
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- "Among full-time employees in 2010, women earned, on average, 16% less than men. Hungary had the smallest gender gap in wages (6%). In Korea women earned, on average, 39% less than men". Read more in the , South Korea and Hungary articles.
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- "In Turkey men spend less than 2 hours a day in unpaid work, compared with over 6 hours for women. By contrast, Norwegian men spend more than 2 hours per day in unpaid work, only one hour less than Norwegian women".
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- "Globally, women represent more than 50 percent of employment in communal services (public administration, education, health, and other social services) and among professionals (including teachers and nurses), clerical workers, and sales and service employees. They also represent more than 40 percent of employment—equivalent to the female share of total employment—in the retail and restaurant sectors and among agricultural workers" (Page 207 of the report).
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- "Women account for 58% of unpaid employment" (see WDR Report 2012 website).
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- "Female labor force participation is lowest in the Middle East and North Africa (26 percent) and South Asia (35 percent) and highest in East Asia and Pacific (64 percent) and Sub-Saharan Africa (61 percent)" (Page 199 of the report).
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- "The underachievement in economic participation and empowerment for women is verified in each of the 154 countries studied in the 2012 issue of the Gender Equality Index". Read more in the Social Watch article
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- "Brazilian women have in average two more years of education than men, but still earn less money for the same work. Female salaries reach a mere 70 percent of those earned by men".
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- "117 countries have equal pay laws".
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- "10-30 percent is the average pay gap between women and men".
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- "53 percent of women work in vulnerable employment".
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- "On average across the world, a 10 percent increase in the potential demand for female labor increases female labor force participation by at least 3 percent... However, extrapolating this association to countries in the MENA region is problematic. The MENA countries are clearly outliers, lying well below the predicted relationship (solid line) for the world as a whole.The same observation can be made when looking at the overall relationship between oil endowments and female labor force participation (Figure 6, right panel). While oil has a dampening effect on female labor force participation on average across the world, rates of female labor force participation in MENA countries are well below what their oil endowments alone would imply". (See also Figure 6 – left panel, page 9 of the report)
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- "Along measurable dimensions of gender equality such as human development, MENA countries perform better than most developing countries, both Muslim and non-Muslim. On the other hand the rate of female participation in MENA countries falls well below rates in other Muslim majority countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Bangladesh.".
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- "While gaps in economic opportunities for women persist in all countries, more than 50 percent of the female population aged 15 and above participates in the labor market in Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. In contrast, the corresponding figure in MENA [Middle East and North Africa] is only 25.2 percent."
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- "In India and Thailand, fewer than 10 percent of landowners are women". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
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- "In sub-Saharan Africa, women comprise 60 percent of the informal economy, provide about 70 percent of all the agricultural labour and produce about 90 percent of the food".
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- "Studies have shown that women use almost all that they earn from marketing agricultural products and handicrafts to meet household needs. Men use at least 25 percent of their earnings for other purposes".
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- "In Nigeria, for example, 14 percent of males but only 5 percent of females obtain formal credit, while in Kenya the percentages are 14 and 4 for males and females, respectively" (Page 34 of the report). Read more in the Gender Equality in Nigeria article.
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- "The pool of female professional staff increased by 50 percent [in Africa] between 2000/01 and 2007/08 and 4 (Botswana, Nigeria, Senegal, and Zambia) (..) countries saw their female staff double" (Page 24 of the report).
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- "In Ghana, men’s wages are 31 percent higher than women’s wages in urban areas and 58 percent higher in rural areas" (Page 20 of the report). Read more in the Gender Equality in Ghana article.
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- "Joblessness among young Ethiopian women costs the national economy $125 million in forgone potential earnings". Read more in the Ethiopia article and Girl Effect Media Kit
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- "When women and girls earn income, they reinvest 90 percent of it into their families, as compared to only 30 to 40 percent by males". Read more in the Girl Effect Media Kit
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Women in politics and business
2012 Gender Stories
- "In 2011, on average, women were occupying 25% of parliamentary seats in single or lower chambers of parliament, up from 16% in 1995. Cross-national variation is large".
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- "In 2009, on average, women occupied only 10% of board seats in listed companies. This percentage varied greatly across countries, from 3% in Germany to 38% in Norway".
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- "In a sample of 24 companies, there are a total of 221 Executive Committee members. We define the Executive Committee as the group of executives who report directly to the CEO."
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- "Of the 18 women present in the Executive Committees of 24 companies, most of them (14, 6% of total) are in staff or support roles. Only 4 women (2% of the total) are in line or operational role."
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- "Of the 1,227 Executive Committee members of America’s Top 100 companies, only 205 (or 17%) are women and 1022 (or 83%) are men." Read more in the United States of America article.
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Other Gender Equality in Corporate Boards stories:
- "The majority of these female Executive Committee members are in staff or support positions (145, or 13% of total) such as HR, Communications or Legal, whereas only 60 women (or 5% of total) are in line or operational roles". Read more in the Gender Equality in Corporate Boards article.
- "Of the 938 Executive Committee members of Europe’s Top 100 companies, only 78 (or 8%) are women and 860 (or 92%) are men". Read more in the Gender Equality in Corporate Boards article.
- "As in the United States European women in Executive Committees(56, or 6% of total) are in staff or support roles. Only 22 women (or 2% of total) are in line or operational roles". Read more in the Gender Equality in Corporate Boards article.
- "Compared to the 926 men (98%) on Executive Committees in Asia, there are only 14 women in staff roles (1.5% of total) and a mere 6 women in line or operational roles (0,6% of total)". Read more in the Gender Equality in Corporate Boards article.
- "Women have limited presence on boards of directors around the world. The share of female directors ranges from 40 percent in Norway, where the government imposed a quota, to 21 percent in Sweden, and to less than 2 percent in Bahrain, Japan, Jordan, the Republic of Korea, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates" (Page 204 of the report). Read more in the World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development article
- "Out of 26 ministers in Turkey's cabinet there is only one woman, Family and Social Policy Minister Fatma Şahin.". Read more in the Social Watch and Turkey articles.
- "In spite of having a woman, Dilma Roussef, as chief of government, Brazil got its lowest GEI score in the dimension of political empowerment (43 points"). Read more in the Brazil and Social Watch articles.
2011 Gender Stories
- "Finally, while the rest of the world has witnessed an expansion in female participation in civil society and politics in the last half century, this trend has until recently not been observed in MENA countries. Women remain heavily underrepresented in politics, holding only about 7 percent of the seats in parliament.". Read more in the Women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) article.
Technology and gender attitudes
- "Evidence from rural India suggests that gender attitudes among villagers changed with cable television. Women with access to cable were less likely than others to express a son preference or to report that it is acceptable for a husband to beat his wife."
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- "Within countries, gender differences in cell phone access and use are almost imperceptible in high and middle-income countries, especially among young people, but gender differences are still large in low-income countries, where a woman is 21 percent less likely than a man to own a mobile phone. This figure increases to 23 percent in Africa , 24 percent in the Middle East, and 37 percent in South Asia."
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- "Globally, only 10 to 20 of every 100 land owners is a woman".
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- "75.8% of all women with access to the internet logged on to a social networking site in May 2010, compared to 69.7% of men". Read more in the Gender and Social Networking article.
Women in the agricultural sector and access to land
2011 Gender Stories
- "In just one day,200 million work hours are consumed by women collecting water for their families". Read more in the Women and Water Facts
- "An increase to a woman income of 10$US achieves the same improvements on child's health and nutrition as an increase to man's income of 110$". Read more in the Food and Agriculture Organization article.
- "In most countries, there is a 5%-10% disparity in the percentage of female-headed households who access credit compared to their male-led counterparts. Without access to credit, women often cannot buy essential inputs, such as seeds, tools and fertilizers, or invest in irrigation and land improvements". Read more in the Food and Agriculture Organization article
- "Women wage workers dominate employment in areas of export-oriented high-value agriculture in the developing world. For instance, women represent half or more of employees in countries such as Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Kenya and South Africa". Read more in the Food and Agriculture Organization article
- "Women tend to be employed for labour-intensive tasks, generally earn lower wages than men and are more likely to be paid at piece rate. For example, in the casual agricultural labour market in Africa, women's casual wages (whether in cash or in kind) are usually half of men's wages". Read more in the Food and Agriculture Organization article
- "Rural women typically work longer hours than men, when one takes into account both paid productive and unpaid reproductive or domestic and care responsibilities. When these tasks are taken into account, women's total work hours are longer than men's in all regions.". Read more in the Food and Agriculture Organization article.
- "A significant share of households in all regions are headed by women, yet their access to productive resources and services are limited". Read more in the Food and Agriculture Organization article
- "Of those women in the least developed countries who report being economically active, 79% report agriculture as their primary source of livelihood (48% of economically active women worldwide)". Read more in the Food and Agriculture Organization article
- "Women, on average, comprise 43% of the agricultural labour force in developing countries and account for an estimated two-thirds of the world's 600 million poor livestock keepers". Read more in the Food and Agriculture Organization article.
- "Mothers’ education level determines children’s nutrition: In the 100 Focus Districts, 66 per cent mothers did not attend school; rates of child underweight and stunting are significantly higher among mothers with low levels of education". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "The proportion of children under five years old in developing countries who were underweight is estimated to have declined by 11 percentage points between 1990 and 2010, from 29% to 18%. This rate of progress is insufficient to meet the MDG target of halving 1990 levels of underweight by 2015.". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "Children from households belonging to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe generally have worse nutrition.". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "Malnutrition is associated with about half of all child deaths worldwide. Malnourished children have lowered resistance to infection; they are more likely to die from common childhood ailments like diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections; and for those who survive, frequent illness saps their nutritional status, locking them into a vicious cycle of recurring sickness, faltering growth and diminished learning ability.". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "In the best district in each of these states, the rates of child underweight and stunting are significantly lower - 33 and 43 per cent respectively.". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "The prevalence of malnutrition is significantly higher among children from low-income families, although rates of child malnutrition are significant among middle and high income families. Children from households identifying as Muslim or belonging to Scheduled Castes or Schedule Tribes generally have worse nutrition.". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "Girls seem to have a nutrition advantage over boys in the first months of life; however this advantage seems to be reversed over time as girls and boys grow older, potentially indicating feeding and care neglect vis-à-vis girls in infancy and early childhood". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "In the 100 Focus Districts, 66 per cent mothers did not attend school; rates of child underweight and stunting are significantly higher among mothers with low levels of education". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "The prevalence of child underweight among mothers who cannot read is 45 per cent while that among mothers with 10 or more years of education is 27 per cent. The corresponding figures for child stunting are 63 and 43 per cent respectively. It was also found that 92 per cent mothers had never heard the word “malnutrition”;". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "In the 100 Focus Districts 51 per cent mothers did not give colostrum to the newborn soon after birth and 58 per cent mothers fed water to their infants before 6 month". Read more in the Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition article.
- "In Africa, women provide nearly 90 percent of the wood for household consumption and 70 percent of wood collected for sale". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "In 15 EU countries, women hold 20 percent of agricultural land, compared to the 77 percent held by men and 3 percent by government". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "In the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa, women produce up to 80 percent of the basic foodstuff". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "In Africa, women perform 80 percent of the work associated with rural domestic tasks, including collecting water and firewood, preparing and cooking meals, processing and storing food, and making household purchases.". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "Women farmers play a key role in Liberia’s agriculture sector and agricultural value chains. Evidence from the 2007 Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) survey indicates that women constitute over half of the labor force in agriculture, the sector that employs most of the country’s labor force overall, predominantly in smallholder agriculture, and about two-thirds of the labor force in trade and commerce. Women are reported to produce over half of the output in food crops. Their access to cash crops, however, is quite limited.". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "In the rural areas, where most of the world’s hungry people live, women produce most of the food consumed locally. Their contribution could be much greater if they had equal access to essential resources and services, such as land, credit and training". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "A recent FAO survey found that female farmers receive only 5 percent of all agricultural extension services worldwide". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "FAO’s projections through 2010 indicate that of the percentage of economically active women in least developed countries, more than 70 percent work in agriculture". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "In 2007, women made up about 41 percent of total employment in agriculture globally". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "FAO’s research shows that women farmers are 20-30 percent less productive than men, but not because they manage their farms less well, or work less hard. The main reason for the gap between men’s and women’s performance is that the former have access to resources seldom available to female farmers – including land, financing and technology, among other thing". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
Women’s participation in the household:
2011 Gender Stories
- “Studies have shown that women use almost all they earn from marketing agricultural products and handicrafts to meet household needs. Men use at least 25 percent of their earnings for other purpose". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "A study in Africa found that, over the course of a year, women carried more than 80 tonnes of fuel, water and farm produce for a distance of 1 km. Men carried only one-eighth as much, an average of 10 tonnes for 1 km each year.". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "On average, rural women and girls spend almost an hour each day gathering fuel and carrying water needed to prepare meals. In some communities, these activities may take up to four hours a day". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "In developing countries, women tend to work far longer hours than men. In Asia and Africa, studies have shown that women work as much as 13 hours more per week". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
- "Women-earned income in Liberia plays an important role in ensuring household welfare: it is spent on basic needs—food and education, for example—in higher proportions than male-earned income ". Read more in the Women and Agriculture article.
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